A necessary note. Offset multipliers and shrink constants are standard hand-bender trade math (cosecant of the bend angle), cross-checked against multiple independent trade-school and manufacturer references. Two things vary by source and deserve a second look before you cut pipe: the 22.5° saddle side-bend multiplier is commonly rounded to 2.5 in saddle-specific charts, versus 2.613 in the general offset table — this tool uses the saddle-specific 2.5 rounding for the Saddle tab and the more precise 2.613 for the Offset tab, both correct within normal field tolerance. And 90° stub take-up (deduct) and gain figures are stamped on your bender and vary by manufacturer, especially at 1⅓″ and 2″ — confirm against your own bender before marking pipe. Diagrams are schematic, not to scale. This tool is a planning aid, not a substitute for field verification. The bender drawing is schematic and is not a picture of any one manufacturer's tool: castings differ in shape, but the arrow sits at the take-up point, the teardrop at the rim, and the star at the back of the bend on every hand bender. Read the symbols on the one in your hands.